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Liubov' Lutchenko, an informant who provided basic life cycle information and some interesting information about courtship rituals and testing for virginity. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion --Bohodukhivka. Boho0052

Liubov' Lutchenko and her family Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion --Bohodukhivka. Boho0058

A rynok or outdoor market. Villagers typically bring their produce to sell at these city markets. The rynok is a modern day equivalent of the fair where people buy clothing, household goods, and toys, mostly imported from the Middle East. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0050

World War II memorial statue on a mount overlooking the Dnipro river, or, more accurately, the artificial lake created by the Kremenchuk dam. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0051

An old unquiet dead towel from the Cherkas'ka oblast collected by Halyna Vasylivna Kapas'. Date of manufacture of the towel is probably at some point during the second World War. The craftswoman of the towel is unknown, although according to the inscription on the towel, it was the sister of the deceased. Such towels are made for those who died violently and before their time, especially those who died unwed, such as soldiers. They were supposed to give such people peace and let their souls rest after death. The towels were not for display. They were made and then stored. Their purpose was not decoration, but the peace of the deceased. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast'. Cher010214160050

A wedding towel, probably from the 1950s. The craftswoman who made the towel is not known. It was collected in the Cherkas'ka oblast by Halyna Vasylivna Kapas'. This was probably the towel on which the couple stood to take their vows and it was probably made by the bride. The towel has a tree of life in the center, wedding wreaths on the side, and a row of roses for beauty and fertility below. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast'. Cher010214160629

A rynok or outdoor market. Villagers bring their produce to sell in the city markets. They also buy manufactured goods which are not available in villages. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0125

City of Cherkasy. A wedding salon which sells dresses, rushnyky (ritual towels), icons, and veils. Pictured here is a clerk with a selection of dresses. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0153

City of Cherkasy. A wedding salon. The dress in the window, perhaps their best item? Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0154

City of Cherkasy. A wedding salon. The owner tells about the selection Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0155

City of Cherkasy. A wedding salon. Another group of dresses for sale. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0156

City of Cherkasy. The ZAGS or wedding palace, which was the only place to get married during the Soviet era. It is still the place for civil weddings today. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0157

City of Cherkasy. A funeral parlor and their selection of coffins. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0158

City of Cherkasy. A funeral parlor and their selection of funerary flowers: these are artificial and made of paper. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0159

City of Cherkasy. A funeral parlor and another selection of funerary flowers. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0160

City of Cherkasy. A funeral parlor and another selection of coffins. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0161

Home of Halyna Kornienko, a folklorist. Pictured are her two daughters and the driver, Andrii. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0221

In the home of Halyna Kornienko. Pictured are Halyna and her husband Mykola, two folklorists. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0222

In the home of Halyna Kornienko. Pictured are Halyna, her husband Mykola, and Natalie Kononenko. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Cher0223

The museum in Chyhyryn. The photo shows the blanks that would have been used by a master to make a bandura. The bandura is considered to be the national instrument of Ukraine: it is an asymmetrical lute that is plucked and strummed. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chyhyryns'kyi raion -- Chyhyryn. Chyh0042

The museum in Chyhyryn. The photo shows a funeral rushnyk or ritual towel of the type used for soldiers killed in battle. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chyhyryns'kyi raion -- Chyhyryn. Chyh0043

The museum in Chyhyryn. Iakiv Briukhovets'kyi, master potter, at his kiln. He has a workshop next to the museum. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chyhyryns'kyi raion -- Chyhyryn. Chyh0044

The statue of Bohdan Khmel'nyts'kyi on top of the hill where his fortress once stood. The fortress itself dates back long before Khmel'nyts'kyi. Pieces of the stonework are still visible but no restoration is being done on it at the moment. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chyhyryns'kyi raion -- Chyhyryn. Chyh0045

Mariia Petrova, an informant who provided a limited amount of life cycle information. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Den'hy. Den0098

Anastasiia Savchenko, an informant who provided a limited amount of life cycle information. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Den'hy. Den0099

Ol'ha Hirka, an informant who provided more detailed life cycle information. She also officiates in life cycle rituals: she is invited to all of the funerals in the village and has her own Psalter. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Den'hy. Den0100

Marfa Khnukalo, an informant who provided limited life cycle information, and who is the grandmother of Serhii Mykolaevych Kuveiko, the local surveyor who showed the folklorist around the area and introduced her to numerous people. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0101

Paper flowers made by Odarka Panchenko. These are used as the bouquet carried by the svitylka (groom's female attendant, literally, bearer of the light) in the wedding, or can be placed in front of icons. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0102

Odarka Panchenko, a folk artist who makes paper flowers, which she sells in Cherkasy, Kyiv, etc. She is also and excellent informant about the life cycle, particularly courtship and the institution of the pokrytka (the girl who bears a child out of wedlock--a special ceremony is conducted to mark her as a woman which involves covering the head, analogous to what is done in the marriage ceremony). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0103

Photo of Olia Mykolaivna Kuveiko, DOB 1957, at age 3. The photo was collected from her. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma010323103207

Odarka Panchenko, a folk artist who makes paper flowers, which she sells in Cherkasy, Kyiv, etc. These are used in weddings, as for the headdress of the bride and the groom's lapel, as well as the bouquet carried by the svitylka (groom's female attendant). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0104

A bridal wreath made by Odarka Panchenko Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0105

Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905. Natalie Kononenko interviewed her in 1998 and had to cut the interview short. At that time she gave courtship information, and the folklorist wanted to do a follow-up at a later date. However, Panchenko had aged tremendously in the last two years and her hearing problems made a follow-up visit very difficult. Kononenko ended up getting only bits and pieces of information: mostly about material culture. Note the icon corner. In this slide Panchenko is showing the contents of her bundle. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0509

Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905. She is showing the contents of her funeral bundle. Here we see her dress. The paper flowers on her right were made by her. This is what she used to do for money as recently as two years ago. She made and sold paper flowers for weddings (for the bride's wreath, the flowers sewn onto the groom's and best man's lapels, and the bouquet held by the svitylka). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0510

Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905. She is showing the contents of her funeral bundle. Here we see the skirt which will be worn over the dress. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0511

Home of Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905: the contents of her funeral bundle. Halyna Kapas' shows the apron that Odarka Panchenko will wear over her funeral dress and skirt. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0512

Home of Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905. She is showing the contents of her funeral bundle. Halyna Kapas' shows the rushnyky (print, not embroidered) which will be gifts for the gravediggers and pallbearers. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0513

Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905. She is showing the contents of her funeral bundle. This is one of the kerchiefs which will be a gift for the women who will carry the coffin lid. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0514

Home of Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905. She is showing the contents of her funeral bundle. Odarka Panchenko and Halyna Kapas' repack the contents of the funeral bundle. Panchenko insists that everything be folded just so. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0515

Pictured is Marta Iakivna Khnukalo, DOB 1929. She is the grandmother of Serhii Kuveiko, who has since married and had a son. She was an informant on the subject of birth customs, and in the photo she is showing how to bathe an infant right after birth. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0776

In the home of Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905; usually called Baba Odarka. This same informant had been recorded two years ago, but this time was not very successful because she has deteriorated physically to a great degree. Her clothing and home are good examples of material culture. The painting above the glass cabinet is of her when she was a young woman. The bouquet nearby is what is carried by a svitylka (a female relative of the groom and one of the attendants usually present in the wedding train that goes from the groom's house to pick up the bride) during a wedding. The bouquet is sometimes called a shablia or sword. Baba Odarka used to make and sell these, but she is no longer able to. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0777

In the home of Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905, usually called Baba Odarka. Halyna Kapas' holds up one of the shirts embroidered by Baba Odarka. Note also the second wedding bouquet above Halyna's head. To the far right is an embroidered picture. The aloe in the window is a typical houseplant, called doktor (doctor) and used to treat burns and minor skin abrasions. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0778

In the home of Odarka Iakivna Panchenko, DOB 1905; usually called Baba Odarka. Another view of Halyna holding up the shirt. She is trying to show the berry design on the sleeves which is typical of the Cherkasy region. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Domantovo. Doma0779

On the road between Velykyi Khutir, Drabivs'kyi Raion, Cherkas'ka Oblast and Iavorivka. This is a marker of the spot where a young couple met their death in an auto accident. Note the gravestone with the two pictures. The site is well maintained, and there are fresh flowers as well as the purple flowers, which are made of paper. This is the couple whose tragic love story Baba San'ka and Mykhailo Koval' of Velykyi Khutir had told us. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion. Drab010129105330

On the road between Velykyi Khutir and Iavorivka. This is a view of the marker on the spot where a young couple met their death in an auto accident. Note the gravestone with the two pictures and the well-maintained site. There are both fresh flowers and the purple flowers, which are made of paper. Baba San'ka and Mykhailo Koval' told about the couple's tragic love story. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion. Drab010129110540

A photo of a post-wedding carnival called tsyhany in this region (elsewhere called tsyhanshchyna), taken in the 1970s or 1980s. Notice the people wearing bras in the background. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec010323115309

The post-wedding carnival, called tsyhany in this region (elsewhere called tsyhanshchyna). The photo was taken in the 1970s or 1980s and specifically states that it shows the action that takes place on Monday after the wedding. Here the revelers are taking the parents of the couple (not stated whether of the bride or the groom) for a ride. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec010406093459

The photograph shows the post-wedding carnival called tsyhany in this region (elsewhere called tsyhanshchyna). The photo was taken in the 1970s or 1980s. Here the revelers are relaxing in a field. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec010406094718

This appears to be a postcard of a bridal couple with writing on the back. On the back of the card, it lists the dates of birth of the couple and gives them as 1904 and Sept. 12, 1905. It also says on the back: "Given to Nastasiia Makarovna Tkachenko as a memento." Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec010424140211

This photo shows the post-wedding carnival (here called "tsyhany") and also specifically marks it as being on Monday. Here the group is readying the cart they will use to take the parents "for a ride." Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec010424141930

This photo shows the post-wedding carnival (here called "tsyhany") which takes place on Monday. The photo was taken in the 1970's and features two women, one dressed as a man. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec010424143723

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. Here people are getting dressed up and getting ready to go over to the festivities. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0176

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. At the gate--paying admission and getting a "check up" from the "doctor." Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0177

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. The couple--they are not in wedding clothes, but in what is considered especially nice clothing. This is the sort of wear that is appropriate for the second day of the wedding. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0178

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. Food is being set out for the guests. This takes place in a makeshift tent erected especially for the wedding and the post-wedding events. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0179

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. A new "doctor" has assumed the position at the gate. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0180

Nadezhda Buchma, and informant about birth customs and other life cycle information. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0181

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. The parents of the bride are being pulled down the street in a cart. They are dressed up in leaves. The groom is an orphan; if he were not, his parents would also be dragged down the street. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0182

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. As the procession goes down the street, they offer refreshments to whomever they meet (horilka, snacks) and receive a gift for the couple in return. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0183

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. Two of the most avid participants of the celebration, dressed in drag. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0184

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. The parents are pulled into the river. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0185

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. Participants of the celebration in the river. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0186

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. On the river bank, the bride examines the chicks received earlier as a gift. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0187

The tsyhanshchyna that takes place on the Monday after the wedding of Oleh Valerovych Soloviov, age 24, to Anna Valentynivna Het'man, age 21. On the riverbank, lots of people are in costume. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- Hrechkivka. Hrec0188

Buying goods off the back of a truck for pension advances. This is the modern equivalent of an itinerant peddlar. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Kanivs'kyi raion -- Iabluniv. Iabl0162

The main road through the village. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Kanivs'kyi raion -- Iabluniv. Iabl0163

Tatiana Pidhaina, an informant who was an excellent source of life cycle information. She is also a ritual official who reads the Psalter over the deceased and at commemorative meals, such as a year after the date of a death. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Kanivs'kyi raion -- Iabluniv. Iabl0165

funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The coffin is being lowered into the grave on special long rushnyky Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010201133552

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. After the coffin is lowered, all relatives and friends must throw 3 handfuls of dirt into the grave. They take the dirt from the pile made by the gravediggers and throw it in. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010201140947

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. After the coffin is lowered, all relatives and friends must throw 3 handfuls of dirt into the grave. They take the dirt from the pile made by the gravediggers and throw it in. This shot shows one of the women bending over to get her handful of dirt. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010201143051

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. After everyone has thrown in his or her 3 handfuls of dirt, the gravediggers start closing up the grave. They throw the dirt that they had removed earlier into the grave, over the coffin. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010201143626

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The flowers that had been brought to the cemetery stand ready to be placed on the grave once it is sealed. Note also the adjacent graves. Each plot has a fence. Grave markers are crosses or marble slabs with a slanted top. Latter usually have portraits of the deceased. Artificial flowers are placed on both crosses and stone slabs. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010201144542

The cemetery in Iavorivka. Each plot has a fence. Grave markers are crosses or marble slabs with a slanted top. Latter usually have portraits of the deceased. Artificial flowers are placed on both crosses and stone slabs. Each plot usually has several graves. Each grave is often demarcated; in the plot in the foreground, each grave has a concrete edge. Flowers and other gifts are placed on individual graves. In Iavorivka, when you visit the graves of your relatives, you leave them flowers or candy, or both. Throwing a candy or two on each grave is very common practice. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010201145548

The cemetery in Iavorivka. After the funeral above, people go to their family plots and leave candy, tend the plots. Note the plots and grave markers. Note also the artificial and planted flowers (the rose bush on the left). A funeral will cause some people to lament at the graves of their family members, as the woman in the middle, clutching the cross with the blue and white flowers, is doing. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010201150444

The cemetery in Iavorivka. Tending the graves of the family deceased on the day of the Novak funeral. This is the grave of a young man, died before his time. It is particularly heavily decorated and the grave marker is particularly nice. The woman tending the grave, who is the mother, told the others how much the grave marker cost. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010201151422

The cemetery in Iavorivka. Note the various grave types and marker types, here mostly crosses with metal curlicue decorations. What is featured here is a picnic table and benches. These are for visiting the deceased and eating meals in the cemetery on days when the deceased are supposed to be remembered. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010201152216

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, 72 years old. He was reputed to have been a good man, good husband, and father. We missed the funeral service, which was held in his home (there is no church in Iavorivka yet). We joined as the procession left the home. Here the women are carrying the coffin cover, or viko. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221151102

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, 72 years old. This is the pevcha, a kind of choir composed of women who sing religious songs and form a semi-official group of celebrants at events such as funerals. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221152146

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. The wife laments as the men get ready to pick up the bier, here called mary. The rushnyky tied around the mary will become gifts for the pallbearers. The wife was the best lamenter I have ever seen. She lamented the entire trip to the graveyard, which took at least thirty minutes. The laments were complex with full poetic features. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221153151

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. The procession sets out. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221153936

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. The procession stops at a cross roads and the wife laments. Again, note the decorations on the bier. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221154443

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. The women holding the coffin lid while the procession is stopped. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221155043

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. The procession continues. The sequence is as follows: a man carrying an icon draped in a rushnyk; a man carrying a portrait of the deceased; women with flowers; women with the coffin lid; and finally, three men carrying the coffin on the mary. The women were carrying lots of fresh flowers and evergreen branches. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221160006

The funeral procession for Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. The man closest to the camera is carrying the ropes on which the coffin will be lowered. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221160731

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. Another stop and more laments. Here a relative joins the wife and they both lament, though not at the same time. Group of women in the background is the pevcha. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221161318

The funeral procession of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221161856

The funeral procession of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221162307

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. This is the man who carries the ropes to lower the coffin. When a funeral procession goes down the street, people come outside. They either watch the funeral procession goes by, or they let it go by and join. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010221162703

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. Another look at the procession, this time during one of its three obligatory stops. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010226141708

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. The wife laments again -- this is during one of the three obligatory stops. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010226142328

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. The procession continues again. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010226143033

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. Another stop and another view of the pevcha. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010226143621

The funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. The wife laments again and is joined by a relative. The blond woman in the granddaughter. Again, note the decorations on the mary. The colored rushnyky will be gifts for the pallbearers. The green ones will be gifts for the gravediggers. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo010226144220

The home of Polina Iakivna Latysh and Vasyl' Ivanovych Latysh. In the photo are their three children (left to right) Volodia (Volodymyr), Nadia (Nadezhda), and Halia (Halyna). The folklorist and her hosts are having dinner upon her arrival in the village. The dining room is the Entryway to the house--this provides more space and helps keep the rest of the house reasonably cool in the summer. Note the items of material culture: the type of food on the table and the type of dishes, as well as the partition between the dining area and the storage area, and in the back, the windows and window treatments. All family members were informants; the only one that was not a good source of information (and probably mostly because he was out in the field cutting hay) was Volodia. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0466

The home of Polina Iakivna Latysh and Vasyl' Ivanovych Latysh. This photo shows Polina and Vasyl' (the parents) and their son, Volodia. Note the food, dishes, and house decoration. Note also the clothes of Polina, especially the double kerchief on the head. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0467

The home of Polina Iakivna Latysh and Vasyl' Ivanovych Latysh. This photo shows their eldest daughter, Nadiia Vasylivna Katuha. She is an excellent informant, especially on the subject of folk belief. She is also a craftsman; she embroiders. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0468

The home of Polina Iakivna Latysh and Vasyl' Ivanovych Latysh. This photo shows their youngest daughter, Halyna, milking the cow. Notice her "village" clothes; she changed into village clothing for the purpose of milking. Note also her milking technique. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0469

The home of Polina Iakivna Latysh and Vasyl' Ivanovych Latysh. This photo shows their pig in its sty. In other areas, pigsties are handled differently. Here the pig has a building, enclosed, so that it can move around and go inside for shelter or outside for fresh air and exercise. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0470

The home of Polina Iakivna Latysh and Vasyl' Ivanovych Latysh. This shows another part of the farm, namely the rabbit cages on top and the turkey/ducks on the bottom. The rabbits are an important source of meat protein. The turkey/ducks are literally a crossbreeding between local ducks and imported turkeys. They exist in quite a few villages. They pretty well have free run of the yard, though sometimes they are herded down to the pond or other source of water. In the yard, there is always some sort of container with water for them. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0471

The home of Polina Iakivna Latysh and Vasyl' Ivanovych Latysh. A view of the barn area of the farm, including the dumping area. The large animal (cows, pigs) barn is on the left. The small animal shelters (rabbits, chickens, geese) is on the right. In front of these is Halyna carrying the pails for milking the cow. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0472

The home of Polina Iakivna Latysh and Vasyl' Ivanovych Latysh. The yard by the house. As with all homesteads, you enter the farmyard through a gate in the fence. The entrance to the house never faces the street. It is usually from the side. This being a particularly nice house, concrete sidewalks lead up to the house entrance. On the right is the summer kitchen. This is a separate building used, as its name implies, in the summer so as not to heat up the house. Cooking is done on a gas stove; gas comes from a bought canister. The table outside the summer kitchen was used for food preparation. Now it is piled high will all sorts of clothes and has become essentially a storage area. The table in the back left is used for food preparation and even more for dishwashing. There is another table inside the summer kitchen. Animals are fed outside the kitchen. Here Polina Iakivna and Nadiia Vasylivna look at one of the family cats. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0473

The home of Polina Iakivna Latysh and Vasyl' Ivanovych Latysh. Pictured here is Nadiia Vasylivna entering the house. This is important not only because the entrance to the house is from the side, but also to show the extent and nature of house decoration. Decoration is quite extensive. The edge of the tin roof has been cut to produce a scalloped effect. Blue and white are favorite colors in this region. Decoration is concentrated on openings, namely windows and doors, though this house is decorated pretty well everywhere possible. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0474

Polina Iakivna Latysh, the mother of Halyna Vasylivna Kapas'. She was an informant on the topics of belief, customs, behavior, etc., although she was not formally interviewed. The folklorist lived at her house and she would deliver information and pronouncements. Here we see examples of material culture: the outfit she is wearing is her warm weather attire. She constantly wears double kerchiefs, even when it is quite warm. This is supposed to help with her headaches. Note also the appearance of the room, the number of decorated items, especially cloth. This room is the bedroom. At one point, five people slept in the three beds. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0516

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. One of the two stoves that are inside the house. This one is between rooms and serves to provide heat (the house has been expanded beyond the original size) to the added rooms. It is also used as additional cooking space. The stove is fired up below. The large ceramic area heats up and provides room heat. The cooking surface is apparent. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0568

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. Nadiia Vasylivna's granddaughter Iulia, age 5. Besides the costume ("Reebot," a Reebok imitation warm-up suit) combined with a village-style kerchief appropriate to girls, even little ones, note the decoration on the stove -- a penguin print. People cut out many prints from magazines of all sorts and glue them all over their houses. At the apartment where the photographer stayed, there were assorted pictures of roses just cut out of magazines and glued to the walls. In the photo here, also note the curtains hung above the stove and the combination of several prints. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0569

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. The icon corner in one of the bedrooms. The treatment here is called shtany (pants). Instead of using a rushnyk (one large, single piece of cloth) draped over the icons, this method uses three pieces. The two panels on the side are much like the two lower parts of a traditional rushnyk. The top, instead of being the folded-over, non-embroidered part of the rushnyk, is a separate piece, sort of like the valance of a window curtain, and is embroidered in a pattern that coordinates with the side panels. Also note the tulle on the windows and the embroidered picture of two birds on the left. Beneath the icons is a table. Hanging a piece of cloth from the table and using the bottom of it for storage, a sort of impromptu chest, is also typical. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0570

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. One of the bedrooms. These windows once looked outside. When the house was expanded and an addition built on, the windows came to look out on a storage area. On the wall are pictures of family members, the top one draped in a rushnyk. Beneath the pictures is an embroidered hanging. Something like this could also have been used for a pillow. Beneath the tulle in what used to be a window. On the right is a large formal portrait of Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych. He won top tractor driver of the village honors and this portrait hung in the village office. In the foreground, pillows are covered with tulle during the day, when they are not in use. The couch, which serves as one of the beds at night (there were three beds in the room and five people slept there) has an ornate woven cloth over the back and a cover, like that used on other beds, on the bottom. All of this cloth is supposed to preserve the furniture from wear and tear. It also has a decorative function. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0571

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. A typical bed treatment. Note the coverlet and pillows. On the wall is a rug. These are essential as most walls are white-washed and the chalk comes off easily if you touch them. Most rugs are on walls, not floors. The chest to the left serves both for storage (here of the nice china) and as a room divider, separating this newly added bedroom from the rest of the house. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0572

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. The main kitchen area inside the house (as opposed to the summer kitchen house). This is the main stove, or pich. Note that there are two areas where fires can be lit. The one on the left would be for cooking on top -- you place a pot or pan on the burner. The one on the right is for baking -- you heat up the area, sweep out the ashes, place the items to be baked inside, and seal in the heat with a wooden door. Note the towel hanging above the cooking area on the left and the pictures decorating the stove. Also note the multiple patterns in the wallpaper, the oil cloth covering the food preparation area, and the various curtains, both on the windows and covering the areas underneath the shelves. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0573

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. The icon corner in the main room, what was the original khata from which everything else expanded. This serves as a formal dining area in the summer and as the main dining area in winter. This is also a living room -- note the TV set directly beneath the icons. This is a sleeping area, as well. The couch on the right is used for sleeping, as is the back of the stove, which goes out into this room. Note the icons, rushnyk, and family photos. Putting a number of small photos together in a large frame is a typical approach. Note also the variety of patterns and the fact that virtually every surface has some sort of decoration on it. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0574

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. The main room of the house -- view of the back of the stove. This is a major sleeping area. You sleep both on the shelf built into the stove itself and on the large flat area adjacent to the stove -- in this image it is on the left, covered with a greenish coverlet. Note the various decorative features: the rushnyk with the photo on the stove, the curtains on the stove, the rug on the wall and the rushnyk on the coverlet, the picture above the rug on the wall and the paper flowers around the picture. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0575

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. A frontal view of the largest sleeping area in the house (it is in the main room). Note also the decoration on the windows and the embroidered picture to the left. There is a composite of many small photos in the frame on the left. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0576

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. A cabinet with medicines, glasses, photos, and so forth. Note the curtain on the bottom half and the cloth cutwork decoration on the top. Family photos are on the left, and dress clothing is hung on the left. Beneath it is one of the couches that converts to a bed at night. It is covered with a coverlet to decorate and protect the furniture. The window has tulle on the top and cutwork on the bottom. An embroidered panel hangs next to the window. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0577

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. A more or less formal dinner with some neighbors and friends (who are also distantly related). Latysh, Kateryna Pylypivna, DOB 1941, and Basans'ka, Nina Oleksandrivna, DOB 1940, are pictured and are informants. They gave the collector wedding material and a lot of discussion of beliefs and of magic. Their outfits are a good example of material culture. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0578

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna, DOB 1927, and Latysh, Vasyl' Ivanovych, DOB 1934. A more or less formal dinner in the main room of the house. This shot is most valuable as an example of material culture. Note the rug on the wall in the back and the composite photo above it. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0579

A path through the cemetery in Iavorivka. Note the decorations and fences around each grave. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0651

A section of the cemetery in Iavorivka. Note the decorations and colors around each grave, as well as the presence of both new and old graves. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0652

The cemetery in Iavorivka. Note the grave decorations, especially the rushnyk around the cross. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0653

The cemetery in Iavorivka. This is an older cross type with decorations. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0654

The cemetery in Iavorivka. Note the fences, colors, and different cross types. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0655

The cemetery in Iavorivka. This is a new grave. Note the rushnyky around the crosses. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0656

A view of the cemetery in Iavorivka showing a Soviet-style obelisk and fence. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0657

A very fancy grave in the cemetery in Iavorivka with deliberate Ukrainian treatment. The couple pictured are in Ukrainian costume and the tombstone edges are decorated with Ukrainian motifs. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0658

A child's grave in the cemetery in Iavorivka. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0659

A child's grave in the cemetery in Iavorivka. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0660

A child's grave in the cemetery in Iavorivka. These were not unbaptized children, but the graves were not central and were subordinate to graves of adults. It does not seem to be a big deal when a small child dies and the graves are appended to the graves of adults, like the ones seen here. When an older young person dies, there is a very big, sad grave treatment. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0661

A view of the cemetery in Iavorivka showing assorted monument and cross types, including Soviet. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0662

A view of the fields next to the village Iavorivka. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0663

A view of one of the small cross-fields roads near Iavorivka. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0664

A view of the cemetery in Iavorivka showing the stand where Soviet era funerals were conducted. The supports for the coffin and the background against which the orator or celebrant stood are visible. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0665

Two new graves in the cemetery in Iavorivka. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0666

A somewhat older grave in the cemetery in Iavorivka. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0667

A well-established gravesite in the cemetery in Iavorivka. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0668

A view of the cemetery in Iavorivka showing various fence types, crosses, and decoration. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0669

A view of the cemetery in Iavorivka. Note the grave decorations and fences. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0670

Halyna Kapas' throws candy on the grave of one of her deceased relatives. Whenever you visit the graves of your relatives, you should offer them something. The most common offering is candy. In some places, vodka is also offered and some gravesites will have a glass left on the grave marker for such offerings. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0671

Home of Latysh, Polina Iakivna. Polina Iakivna Latysh and her eldest daughter, Nadiia Vasylivna Katuha, are seated outside the summer kitchen. Note the evidence of material culture: clothes, buildings, and storage. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0672

A view of the roads headed towards Iavorivka. Note the fence and road composition. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0677

A family group in the cemetery in Iavorivka celebrating the Ascension. This is a day to visit the dead and leave offerings, such as candy. Note the use of bicycles for transportation and the cemetery features, especially cross types and decoration and the fences around each group of graves. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0678

A family group celebrating the Ascension in the cemetery in Iavorivka. Note their clothing. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0679

Latysh, Polina Iakovlivna visiting her family's graves in the cemetery in Iavorivka on the day of the Ascension. Note the clothing, grave layout, decoration on crosses, and the fences around the graves. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0680

A Soviet style grave marker in the cemetery in Iavorivka on the day of the Ascension. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0681

A view of the cemetery in Iavorivka on the day of the Ascension. Note the crosses and fences. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0682

A family group celebrating the Ascension in the cemetery in Iavorivka. They are visiting a particularly fancy grave marker. These tend to be for prominent people and for people who are especially missed, such as those who died young or before their parents. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0683

A group visiting with the dead and with fellow villagers on the day of the Ascension in the cemetery in Iavorivka. Candy is left on graves and given to children. When you receive a gift of candy, you are supposed to utter well wishes for the deceased: Tsarstvo iomu nebesne (may he rest in the Heavenly Kingdom). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0684

A woman celebrating the day of the Ascension in the cemetery in Iavorivka. She is cleaning and decorating the grave with the flowers that are everywhere. Note the sack that has been left behind. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0685

A grave in the cemetery in Iavorivka on the day of the Ascension. It has been cleaned and decorated with flowers. Note the sack that has been left behind. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0686

A recent grave in the cemetery at Iavorivka on the day of the Ascension. The grave has been decorated. The woman holds a bag of candy that she will pass around to children and others. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0687

A woman and her grandson at the grave of the woman's daughter, the boy's mother, in the cemetery in Iavorivka on the day of the Ascension. The daughter died young and this woman lamented extensively at her grave. She was told to stop because she was drawing attention. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0688

The edge of the cemetery in Iavorivka on the day of the Ascension. The fencing around the graves is especially clear. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0689

Shustrova, Anastasiia Iakivna, DOB 1913. Anastasiia Iakivna was an informant on birth customs and legends. In this photo she is showing how to swaddle a child. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0690

Shustrov, Trokhym Akymovych, DOB 1917. Due to failing health, Trokhym Akymovych is not as much of an informant as he once was. He used to tell the story of meeting a witch who had transformed herself into a magically rolling wheel as he was coming home from dosvitky (the courtship parties) one night. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0691

A view of the village street and children's games. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0692

This haystack is not of the typical type for this area, but having a haystack before the gates is. The woman is from a western region. Also note the gates and their decoration. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0693

A view of the Latysh home. The entrance is from a courtyard. Note the decoration of the windows and of the house in general. Even the tin on the roof has cut, scalloped edges. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0694

A view of the Latysh home interior showing a pich (stove), wall hanging, rug, icons, pictures, and rushnyky. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0695

A view of the Latysh home interior showing the pich (stove), wall hanging and rug. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0696

A ladder leading up to the attic in the Latysh home. The attic is a storage area as well as a place where herbs are dried. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0697

Neighbors arrive outside the Latysh home. They bring a gift of pirozhky to eat and an embroidered shirt to show. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0698

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. He is an especially loved husband and citizen so that this is a particularly elaborate funeral, with exceptionally lengthy laments by the widow. The funeral procession on the way between the home of the deceased and the graveyard. Photo taken from across the field used to pasture the livestock. Order of the procession, as seen here: women carrying the coffin lid (viko) in front, then men carrying the coffin on the mary or bier, then relatives, then friends. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0717

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The front of the funeral procession: man carrying an icon draped in a rushnyk, followed by a man carrying a portrait of the deceased, also in a rushnyk, then women carrying flowers. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0718

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The funeral procession between the home and the graveyard. A man carrying an icon is in front, then a man carrying a photo the deceased. After them come women bearing flowers to be placed on the grave. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0719

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The women carrying the flowers are especially clear in this picture, then as above, the coffin lid, then the coffin. Relatives and friends not as visible here. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0720

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. Good shot of flowers and the viko or coffin lid. Right in front of the men carrying the coffin is a man in a suit carrying the special rushnyky (not decorated and very long) which will be used to lower the coffin. They are in a bundle tucked under his left arm. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0721

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. Side view of two of the women carrying flowers and the women carrying the coffin lid or viko. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0722

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The man carrying the rushnyky that will be used for lowering the coffin, followed by the men carrying the mary with the coffin itself. Women to the left carry kerchiefs, which will be given as gifts to various people who helped with the funeral. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0723

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The mary or a wooden stand used for carrying the coffin. It is carried by 8 men (in other villages, 6 men carry the mary, which are also called nary; sometimes women carry the mary/nary if the deceased is a woman). The mary have legs so that the coffin can be set down at crossroads for the appropriate prayers, singing of Our Father and lamentation by the relatives. The mary here were very heavily decorated, with rushnyky, kerchiefs. These will become presents for the coffin bearers and the gravediggers. Relatives follow the men with the mary here. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0724

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The men carrying the coffin on the mary followed by the relatives Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0725

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The procession stops at the crossroads for the appropriate prayers, singing of Our Father and lamentation by the relatives. There must be at least 3 stops en route. If there are not 3 crossroads (as there were here, a third stop is added at an arbitrary place). Here the wife leans over the deceased and laments. She was the best lamenter that I heard. She lamented non-stop during the entire procession, or for about 1 hour. Notice also the relatives encircling the coffin. Notice on the mary: rushnyky and kerchiefs tied at each leg. These will become gifts. The large rushnyk on the bottom will be kept by the family. Elsewhere it might be given to the church. The deceased is covered in tulle. Around his head were placed fragrant herbs. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0726

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The coffin on the mary and the men carrying it enter the graveyard. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0727

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. Lamentation at the gravesite before the coffin is sealed and lowered. This is considered the last chance for relatives and friends to say goodbye. Lamenting here are the wife and several relatives. In the foreground is the coffin lid covered with a rushnyky and a loaf of bread placed on top. Wife is the closest of the lamenters. Young man standing to the left is the grandson. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0728

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The various relatives say goodbye in the graveyard. Photo offers a good view of the coffin lid or viko with the embroidered and woven rushnyky. The embroidered one is lengthwise and the woven one is folded up and placed in the middle with the bread on top. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0729

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. Another view of the relatives and coffin lid or viko with rushnyky. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0730

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. Coffin lid or viko, rushnyky and bread. Male relatives also say goodbye and kiss the deceased, though few lament. Standard kisses are on the forehead and hands. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0731

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych. Coffin lid, coffin, rushnyky and bread. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0732

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. Coffin, coffin lid or viko, rushnyky, and bread. Notice also grave markers on adjacent graves. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0733

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The final kisses from the widow. Notice also the hat in the coffin next to the deceased. Headgear should be placed in the coffin, but not on the male deceased. The deceased in the coffin should be the same as a person attending church: man should have his hat, but not on his head. Woman should have her head covered in a kerchief. She usually gets a spare kerchief in the coffin. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0734

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. Friends at the gravesite, watching the relatives say goodbye to the deceased. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0735

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. Another view of the female relatives; here the widow and Baba Katia. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0736

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The rushnyky that were brought to the cemetery are placed across the grave, in position for the lowering of the coffin. In back of the grave stand the man holding an icon draped in a rushnyk and the man holding a portrait of the deceased, also draped in a rushnyk. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0737

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. More farewells. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0738

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. More farewells. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0739

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The widow in a series of final laments. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0740

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. A close up of the mary or stand used for carrying the coffin from the home to the cemetery. Note decorations: the rushnyky and kerchiefs tied along the braces. They serve as decorations during the funeral procession. They will become gifts for the men who helped with the funeral, specifically the gravediggers and pallbearers. There is a large woven rushnyk on the bottom. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0741

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The coffin lid being put on the coffin. This shows both the appearance of the lid itself and the ritual act of placing the lid on the coffin. The coffin lid usually has nails pre-placed in it and partially hammered in so that the closing of the coffin is very rapid. Usually the closing of the coffin brings out the most extensive and emotional lamentation and people try to have the process proceed quickly. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0742

Funeral of Novak, Hryhorii Pylypovych, age 72. The coffin is placed on the special long rushnyky used for lowering and 4 men lower it in slowly while the man at the head of the grave guides the process. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0743

Here we see the swampy area in the vicinity of the village and a family of swans. The less swampy areas are used by the villagers for fishing and swimming. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Iavorivka. Iavo0775

Katia Deikun, an informant about basic life cycle information, including some information about remarriage. Also pictured here is her daughter, Liuba Hryhorivna Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krasenivka. Kras0059

Vasylivna Voskobiinyk, an informant about basic life cycle information, including a story about a mean mother-in-law who kept her working even while she was pregnant. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krasenivka. Kras0060

Nastia Oksamytna, the grandmother of Andrii, the folklorist's driver, in her everyday clothing: this is how she looked when the folklorist arrived. This woman is particularly significant as a source for clothing and housing information. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion --Krasnokhyzhyntsi. Kras0081

A view of the inside of Nastia Oksamytna's home. This woman is particularly significant as a source for clothing and housing information. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion --Krasnokhyzhyntsi. Kras0082

A view of the inside of Nastia Oksamytna's home. This woman is particularly significant as a source for clothing and housing information. Note the rushnyky or embroidered towels around all pictures. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion --Krasnokhyzhyntsi. Kras0083

Nastia Oksamytna, her grandson Andrii (the folklorist's driver), and a view of the inside of her home. They are seated in front of the icon corner. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion --Krasnokhyzhyntsi. Kras0084

Nastia Oksamytna standing next to her grandson Andrii (the folklorist's driver), and a view of the inside of her home. Note the icon corner in the background with its window-like treatment, complete with "curtains." Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion --Krasnokhyzhyntsi. Kras0085

This photo was collected from Kateryna Lukivna Daikun and her daughter Liubov'. It was taken in approximately 1959 and shows a military recruit named Vasyl' Panasovych Vyshnia. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krasenivka. Kras010410151708

Examples of material culture--note the house, fence, and yard. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop0090

Oleksandr Borysenko, the village head or "holova sil'rady" of a very prosperous village. This photo also displays house decoration, and the treatment of windows and doors in particular. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop0091

Mariia Shakun, an informant who gave fairly complete and detailed life cycle information, especially about birth and baptism. Also note the treatment of the icon corner in this photo. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop0092

A folk singing collective. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop0093

A folk singing collective. They specialize in singing ritual songs. They can be asked to sing at a wedding or other ceremonial occasions, and generally try to preserve songs indigenous to their village. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop0094

A view of the material culture of the village of Kropyvne Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop0095

A view of the material culture of the village of Kropyvne Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop0096

A view of the material culture of the village of Kropyvne Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop0097

A photo of a kindergarten, taken in the late 1940s or early 1950s. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010323112416

A wedding photo of Ivan Krushpet, who died in 1931. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010323113534

Photo of Tetiana Petrash (patronymic not known), taken in the 1960s. The picture was collected from Halyna Photo of Tetiana Petrash (patronymic not known), taken in the 1960s. The picture was collected from Halyna Dmytrivna Petrash. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010323114446

A photo taken in 1956 of a couple and their two children. The names of the couple are Petro Mykolaiovych Dzhelymens'kyi and his wife Halyna Ivanivna. Their children are named Andrii and Vira. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010406105235

A photo taken August 12, 1952. The inscription on the back reads: "A photo for Petia, beloved and dear to our hearts, from his wife Halia and his daughter Verochka. This is our image so that you may remember us lovingly always." Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010406110143

A photo taken in approximately 1970. It shows the bride with 4 female attendants, called druzhky, carrying ritual breads or shyshky and going out to invite guests to the wedding. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010410134745

Shown is a bride with her attendants, called druzhky. One of the women pictured is Vira Petrivna Luzhnyk, DOB 1952 - she is probably one of the attendants. The photo was taken "approximately 30 years ago," therefore in the 1960s. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010410140520

Pictured is a bride, Valentyna Oleksandrivna Khvyl', with her four attendants, or druzhky. The photo was taken "approximately 30 years ago," therefore in the 1960s. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010410141716

A photo of a bride, Valentyna Oleksandrivna Khvyl', and her groom, Mykhailo (patronymic unknown), taken "approximately 30 years ago," therefore in the 1960s. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010410143820

This is a photo of the wedding of Vera Ivanivna Horoshko. Events pictured here are taking place on Sunday, near the house. The picture was taken in approximately 1962. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010410144725

This photo shows a bride, Vira Petrivna Luzhnyk, nee Dzhemelyns'ka, and her druzhky, or attendants, inviting people to the wedding. It was taken in approximately 1971. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Zolotonis'kyi raion -- Kropyvne. Krop010410150037

The pich' (stove) and the shelf above the stove where elders and children might sleep, especially in winter. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0075

The pich' (stove): climbing onto the shelf above the stove where elders and children might sleep, especially in winter. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0076

The pich' (stove) and the shelf above the stove where elders and children might sleep, especially in winter. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0077

A local performing group. This group preserves local traditions, especially weddings; they have a little notebook or handbook where they write down material in order to remember it. They can be asked to stand on the stage during a civil wedding and sing wedding songs. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0078

A museum in Krut'ky. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0079

A museum in Krut'ky. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0080

Wedding breads ready in the bride's household on the morning of the wedding. The round breads are shyshky and the square bread is the korovai. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0112

Wedding breads ready in the bride's household on the morning of the wedding. The round breads are shyshky and the square bread is the korovai. The bride, Liubov' Shchepak, ties a ribbon around the korovai. She is getting married to Oleksii Oleksiiovych Artemenko. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0113

Wedding in Krut'ky. The stove is being heated up at the bride's house. It will be used to warm up the food for the guests; the food has been prepared in advance. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0114

Wedding in Krut'ky. At the bride's house, the druzhka (attendant) is helping the bride get dressed. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0115

Wedding in Krut'ky. At the bride's house, the druzhka (attendant) is helping the bride with the veil. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0116

Wedding in Krut'ky. At the bride's house, the druzhka (attendant) is pinning the paper wedding flowers on the groom. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0117

Wedding in Krut'ky. At the bride's house, the pots of food are ready to be put in the stove to heat. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0118

Wedding in Krut'ky. Pots of food to be heated for the wedding guests. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0119

Wedding in Krut'ky. The wedding party walking from the World War II statue in the center of the village to the "klub" (Soviet-style club that has now become the place for civil wedding ceremonies). The couple is having a civil ceremony and it will take place here. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0120

Wedding in Krut'ky. Entering the "klub" (Soviet-style club which has now become the place for civil wedding ceremonies). The couple is having a civil ceremony and it will take place here. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0121

Wedding in Krut'ky. On stage at the "klub" during the ceremony. The bride and groom stand on a rushnyk (ritual towel) spread by their two mothers. The woman in red is the official who will conduct the ceremony. On stage with the bride and groom are both sets of parents and two sets of godparents, as well as a folk singing collective. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0122

Wedding in Krut'ky. On stage at the "klub" during the ceremony. A view of the auditorium where the wedding guests were assembled. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0123

Wedding in Krut'ky. Exiting the stage after the civil ceremony in the "klub." Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0129

Wedding in Krut'ky. Setting up the make-shift tents, made of poles covered with canvas and with plastic garbage bags. These will protect the wedding guests from the rain as they sit down to the wedding feast. This tent was at the groom's home. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0130

Wedding in Krut'ky. Setting out the plates to serve the several hundred wedding guests. This is at the home of the groom. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0131

Wedding in Krut'ky. The wedding train assembles at the groom's house. The train will be dispatched by the groom's mother and will go to the bride's house to pick up the bride. At the head of the train are the two starosty (elders) who represent the groom in all dealings with the bride's family. They are tied with rushnyky (ritual towels) which mark their position and which are gifts given in payment for the service they provide in the ritual. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0132

Wedding in Krut'ky. The groom's train arrives at the bride's house and meets resistance; the members of the bride's household, especially the men, will not let them enter. In the background, top, the groom is being hoisted over the fence by the members of his wedding train. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0133

Wedding in Krut'ky. The mother of the bride ties a kerchief around the arm of the svitylka (groom's female attendant, usually his relative; svitylka also means bearer of the flame or light). This is a gesture of welcome; the kerchief is a present. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0134

Wedding in Krut'ky. The groom's wedding train in the yard of the bride's home. The groom is in the middle, the starosty (elders) on either side, the svitylka (female attendant, bearer of the light) is to the right. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0135

Wedding in Krut'ky. The bride is seated in the tent at her home, awaiting the arrival of the groom and his train. Next to her is her youngest male relative, held in the lap of his mother. The groom will have to buy a place next to the bride from her youngest male relative. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0136

Wedding in Krut'ky. The groom takes his place next to the bride. Above them are the two wedding icons which will later hang over their bed when they move into his parents' home. In front of them is a korovai and also two champagne bottles tied with a ribbon. Both items are traditionally present at the table where the bride and groom sit. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0137

Wedding in Krut'ky. The wedding guests enjoying the feast inside the tent at the home of the bride. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0138

Wedding in Krut'ky. A group of wedding guests at the home of the bride. This group sat slightly apart and indulged in singing old fashioned wedding songs, some with off-color content. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0139

Wedding in Krut'ky. The tent at the bride's home where the dishes are washed between the several meals served to the wedding guests. Guests are fed right after the civil ceremony (essentially a lunch). After the groom picks up the bride and departs, there will be another meal for the smaller number of guests who are the relatives of the bride and will not follow her to the groom's home. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0140

Wedding in Krut'ky. Guests dancing after the daytime meal at the home of the bride. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0141

Wedding in Krut'ky. The mother of the bride ties the hands of the bride and groom together. To the left is the bride's father. Also in the picture is the woman who held the little boy from whom the groom had to buy a place at the wedding table. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0142

Wedding in Krut'ky. The mother of the bride leads the couple three times around the decorated car, which will take them to his home. This is the point where she separates from her daughter for good. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0143

Wedding in Krut'ky. The mother and father of the groom greet the couple with shyshky (ritual breads) and rushnyky (ritual towels). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0144

Wedding in Krut'ky. The musicians set up at the home of the groom. This group was a rock band and played Russian and Ukrainian contemporary music. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0145

Wedding in Krut'ky. A young wedding guest. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0146

Wedding in Krut'ky. The starosta (ritual elder) begins the gift giving at the groom's home. He offers a piece of the korovai and asks the guests to come up and offer gifts to the couple. The godparents and parents are called upon to give gifts first; then the younger relatives and friends of the couple. After that, the wedding guests come up of their own volition and in no particular order to give gifts. Gift giving takes place at both houses, first at the home of the bride, before the departure to the groom's home, then at the home of the groom, as here. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0147

Wedding in Krut'ky. Wedding guests. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0148

Wedding in Krut'ky. Dancing well into the night. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Krut'ky. Krut0149

Pictured is Vira Serhiivna Zhahlo, DOB 1942, at a neighbor's wedding. The photo was collected from Nina Vasylivna Bilyk. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Lozivok. Lozi010319114017

This photo shows the groom picking up his bride to take her to the wedding palace. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Lozivok. Lozi010424142818

This photo was collected from Natalka Radoinovna Zhahlo. It shows the funeral of her husband, Serhii Efremovych Zhahlo. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Lozivok. Lozi010424144600

Nataliia Zhahlo. She has a beautiful house and a garden, and is a knowledgeable informant, although soft spoken. Substantial life cycle information was gleaned from her and her daughter, Vira Matviichuk, who lives in Kiev and visits her mother on a regular basis. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Lozivok. Lozi0152

Mariia Dudura and Valentyna Smarzhevs'ka, two informants who provided a limited amount of life cycle information and some material about witchcraft and spells. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Melnyky. Meln0086

Mariia Dudura, an informant who provided a limited amount of life cycle information and some material about witchcraft and spells. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Melnyky. Meln0088

A field showing old-fashioned method of hay-stacking. The hay is cut with scythes, bound, and hand-stacked. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Melnyky. Meln0089

A group of informants who spoke mostly about weddings, especially a recent one in the family. They also provided some photos of a tsyhanshchyna from about twenty years ago. They have a video of the wedding and the tsyhanshchyna, which took place recently. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Horodyshchens'kyi raion -- Mliiiv. Mlii0216

Kateryna Bahatenko and Kateryna Tkachuk, two informants. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Horodyshchens'kyi raion -- Mliiiv. Mlii0217

Informants show the folklorist shyshky or ritual breads from the recent wedding, which they had described. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Horodyshchens'kyi raion -- Mliiiv. Mlii0218

A photo of a child belonging to one of the members of the group; she came in and wanted to have her picture taken. This photo is useful for people and faces: it demonstrates how people of various ages look and dress. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Horodyshchens'kyi raion -- Mliiiv. Mlii0219

A photo of a child belonging to one of the members of the group; he came in and wanted to have his picture taken. This photo is useful for people and faces: it demonstrates how people of various ages look and dress. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Horodyshchens'kyi raion -- Mliiiv. Mlii0220

Mariia Martynenko, an informant who gave detailed life cycle information and provided various anecdotes illustrating life cycle events and what happens when things go wrong (e.g. a man marries someone other than the woman he had courted for a long time). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Mokhnach. Mokh0061

The house of Mariia Martynenko, an informant who gave detailed life cycle information and provided various anecdotes illustrating life cycle events and what happens when things go wrong (e.g. a man marries someone other than the woman he had courted for a long time). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Mokhnach. Mokh0062

A view of the village of Mokhnach Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Mokhnach. Mokh0063

A view of the village of Mokhnach Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Mokhnach. Mokh0064

A view of the village of Mokhnach Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Mokhnach. Mokh0065

A view of the village of Mokhnach Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Mokhnach. Mokh0066

A view of the village of Mokhnach Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Mokhnach. Mokh0067

A view of the village of Mokhnach Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Mokhnach. Mokh0068

A picnic in a field outside of Mokhnach. Dariia Liubyva presents a korovai (ritual bread) to Natalie Kononenko. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- Mokhnach. Mokh0069

Group of women who are performers and informants and try to conserve local culture. They gave a full version of the wedding and some birth and funeral information. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0012

Performers and informants. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0014

People assemble for the festival of Fruktovyi Spas (the blessing of the fruit) at the cathedral in Moshny Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0020

People assemble for the festival of Fruktovyi Spas (the blessing of the fruit) at the cathedral in Moshny Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0029

People assemble for the festival of Fruktovyi Spas (the blessing of the fruit) at the cathedral in Moshny Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0030

People assemble for the festival of Fruktovyi Spas (the blessing of the fruit) at the cathedral in Moshny Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0031

People assemble for the festival of Fruktovyi Spas (the blessing of the fruit) at the cathedral in Moshny Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0032

People assemble for the festival of Fruktovyi Spas (the blessing of the fruit) at the cathedral in Moshny Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0033

People assemble for the festival of Fruktovyi Spas (the blessing of the fruit) at the cathedral in Moshny Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0034

People assemble for the festival of Fruktovyi Spas (the blessing of the fruit) at the cathedral in Moshny Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0035

Tatiana Sapronova and her brother Sasha are demonstrating folk instruments. Their performance was recorded on tape. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0036

Tatiana Sapronova and her brother Sasha are demonstrating folk instruments. Their performance was recorded on tape. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0037

Performers and informants gather outside of their homes Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0038

Performers and informants gather inside a traditional home with folklorist Natalie Kononenko Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0039

A group of performers and informants: the local folk singing and preservation of local traditions group. They are very active in church and form the church choir. The have prepared a wedding scenario in song. They also gave information about life cycle ritual. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0166

A group of performers and informants. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Moshny. Mosh0167

The house of Ahafiia Kucher. She is an excellent informant about matters of life cycle ritual and material culture. For example, she possesses hand-loomed linen. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chyhyryns'kyi raion -- Subotiv. Subo0046

Ahafiia Kucher with her daughter, Tatiana Iurchenko. Both are excellent informants. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chyhyryns'kyi raion -- Subotiv. Subo0047

The home and family of Viktor Huhlia. He is a folklorist interested in pottery and an expert on various forms of local pottery, including that from the Trypillian period. He is demonstrating some recently found items to Halyna Kornienko. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chyhyryns'kyi raion -- Subotiv. Subo0048

The church used by Bohdan Khmel'nyts'kyi. It was built in such a way as to also serve as a fortress and is currently being restored. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chyhyryns'kyi raion -- Subotiv. Subo0049

Evdokiia Krasov'ska, an informant who gave life cycle information, and also composes her own verse and tells the legend of God and St. Peter and why the man should rule in the household. Here she is displaying her funeral bundle. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Svidyvok. Svid0150

Evdokiia Krasov'ska's brother, Hryhorii Skrypnyk. Evdokiia takes care of him and prepared his funeral bundle as well as her own. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Svidyvok. Svid0151

Pictured is the wedding photo of a bridal couple, circa 1950. Picture was collected from Mariia Hryhorivna Zahorodnia, DOB 1930. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Shpolians'kyi raion -- Topyl'ne. Topy010319105634

Photo collected from Mariia Hryhorivna Zahorodnia, DOB 1930. A wedding photo taken in 1950. Pictured is a wedding group with the bride and groom in the middle and their attendants on either side. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Shpolians'kyi raion -- Topyl'ne. Topy010406102812

Photo collected from Mariia Hryhorivna Zahorodnia, DOB 1930. A wedding photo taken in 1950. Pictured is a wedding group with the bride and groom in the middle. Note the woman with the rushnyk (ritual towel) and the child. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Shpolians'kyi raion -- Topyl'ne. Topy010406104126

Varvara Kryts'ka, an informant, although a very bad one because of her age and hearing problems. Very useful for material culture--how a contemporary old woman looks. She is sitting with Ukrainian folklorist Halyna Kornienko and a relative of Kornienko's. A good picture for what a field and digging up potatoes looks like. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Topy0126

Varvara Kryts'ka, an informant, although a very bad one because of her age and hearing problems. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Topy0127

A village street and traditional transportation--the horse-drawn cart. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Cherkasy. Topy0128

Mariia Zahorodnia, an informant. Not much information was collected because her relatives were in to harvest the potatoes. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Shpolians'kyi raion -- Topyl'ne. Topy0172

Mariia Zahorodnia's house, a good example of material culture. Notice the outside stoop, which has been newly painted. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Shpolians'kyi raion -- Topyl'ne. Topy0173

Iavdokha Hehel's'ka, a minor informant who provided mostly funeral information. She was once courted by an American who wanted to marry her. She was afraid of him because he was a foreigner, however, and so refused him. As a result, she never married. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Shpolians'kyi raion -- Topyl'ne. Topy0174

Hanna Martynenko, an informant about life cycle ritual, as well as a highly recommended performer who is renowned for her voice. She says that she spent so much time singing at vechornytsi that she never got around to getting married. This photo is also good for material culture and the appearance of the house interior. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Shpolians'kyi raion -- Topyl'ne. Topy0175

The interior of a home: items of material culture Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Tubil'tsy. Tubi0040

Hanna Cheberiak and Mariia Dubnyk pose with their neighbor. Active preservers of local songs and traditions, they demonstrate here aspects of both material and social culture: in particular, how to greet a guest properly. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Cherkas'kyi raion -- Tubil'tsy. Tubi0041

Natalie Kononenko poses next to a statue of Lenin. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- VelykaBurimka. Veli0070

Folklorists from Kyiv and Cherkasy. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- VelykaBurimka. Veli0071

In the old age home, which also houses others who need public assistance, such as the deaf and the mentally impaired. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- VelykaBurimka. Veli0072

In the old age home, which also houses others who need public assistance, such as the deaf and the mentally impaired. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- VelykaBurimka. Veli0073

Ol'ha Brudz', a local activist who is interested in historical preservation and runs the local museum. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Chornobais'kyi raion -- VelykaBurimka. Veli0074

Makovyi Spas at the local church. This holiday is both a church holiday and a remnant of pre-Christian practices. Makovyi Spas is the first of three Spases. All have to do with the blessing of crops, specifically harvest. Makovyi Spas is the blessing of heads of the poppy plant, particularly the seed cases, which are full of seed. They are brought to church in dried form and included in bouquets, which contain flowers. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0106

Makovyi Spas at the local church. This holiday is both a church holiday and a remnant of pre-Christian practices. Makovyi Spas is the first of three Spases. All have to do with the blessing of crops, specifically harvest. Makovyi Spas is the blessing of heads of the poppy plant, particularly the seed cases, which are full of seed. They are brought to church in dried form and included in bouquets which contain flowers. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0107

Makovyi Spas at the local church. This holiday is both a church holiday and a remnant of pre-Christian practices. Makovyi Spas is the first of three Spases. All have to do with the blessing of crops, specifically harvest. Makovyi Spas is the blessing of heads of the poppy plant, particularly the seed cases, which are full of seed. They are brought to church in dried form and included in bouquets, which contain flowers. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0108

Makovyi Spas at the local church. This holiday is both a church holiday and a remnant of pre-Christian practices. Makovyi Spas is the first of three Spases. All have to do with the blessing of crops, specifically harvest. Makovyi Spas is the blessing of heads of the poppy plant, particularly the seed cases, which are full of seed. They are brought to church in dried form and included in bouquets, which contain flowers. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0109

Mariia Koval' and Oksana Kryvorot, informants who provided excellent life cycle information, plus information about the hard life of a village woman. Kryvorot also makes up her own poems on persecution during the Stalin period. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0110

Mariia Koval', the mother of Mykhailo Dmytrovych, the local activist who does some of his own collecting and who learned to make braided belts on his own in order to try and revive local traditions. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0111

A child in a crib. This is a house the folklorist walked through in order to get directions. This photo is a good example of material culture and provides information on child-rearing and child care. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- VelykaIablunivka. Vely0189

This is a house the folklorist walked through in order to get directions. This photo was taken to show the appearance of a yard in a village. Note the crops on the ground--this shows a yard at harvest time. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- VelykaIablunivka. Vely0190

Halyna Kornienko talks to the man of the house at the well. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- VelykaIablunivka. Vely0191

The home of Afanasiia Zahorodnia. Various other people showed up: Iryna Myrshchuk and her daughter, Valentyna Zahorodnia, and Ol'ha Prysiazhna. All of these are good informants, and seem to constitute a preservation group (of local customs and traditions). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- VelykaIablunivka. Vely0214

The home of Afanasiia Zahorodnia. Various other people showed up: Iryna Myrshchuk and her daughter, Valentyna Zahorodnia, and Ol'ha Prysiazhna. All of these are good informants, and seem to constitute a preservation group (of local customs and traditions). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Smilians'kyi raion -- VelykaIablunivka. Vely0215

Home of Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval', informant, performer, and craftsman. As a craftsman, he is trying to revive the art of making woven belts, variously called poias and kraika. They are used as women's belts and are also tied over the swaddling clothes of an infant. Here, examples of his work lie on the couch at his home. The object on the left is not a belt, but a skirt. He made a set of wider belts, then sewed them together to make a skirt. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0580

At the home of Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval', informant, performer, and craftsman. Halyna Kapas' models the skirt made out of belts. Note also the bandura (folk musical instrument) on the wall. This is Mykhailo Dmytrovych's and he plays and sings. In terms of material culture, note the rug on the wall, the coverlet over the chair, and the blue color used to paint the door. The teddy bear belongs to Mykhailo Dmytrovych's grandson. It is modeled on the Olympic symbol. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0581

At the home of Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval', informant, performer, and craftsman. Mykhailo Dmytrovych stands next to and demonstrates the loom he constructed for weaving belts. Note also the picture of his daughter Oksana on the wall with a rushnyk over it. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0582

At the home of Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval', informant, performer, and craftsman. A wall in the home is used for pictures. Note the photograph of his son with the rushnyk over it, the icons beneath it, the candelabra, and the various cutouts from newspapers and magazines that are on the wall. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0583

At the home of Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval', informant, performer, and craftsman. Over the TV hangs a portrait of Taras Shevchenko, the most famous Ukrainian poet, with a rushnyk. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0584

At the home of Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval', informant, performer, and craftsman. Natalie Kononenko models a local version of the linen dress, fairly rough and coarse. The belt was made by Mykhailo Dmytrovych. Another shirt of local manufacture is on the chair on which the performer's hand rests. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0585

At the home of Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval', informant, performer, and craftsman. Natalie Kononenko models a full outfit, with skirt, shirt, belt, and beads. Also note the shirts on the chair. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0590

The home of Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval', informant, performer, and craftsman. This is an outside view of the house, including its yard. Note the fences and flowers. All yards are enclosed with a fence, some higher, some lower, but always a fence. Only the worst yards have no decoration in the form of flowers. The yard has flowers, while crops are further away in the field in back of the house. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0628

The home of Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval', informant, performer, and craftsman. This is an outside view of the house, including its yard. Note the fences and flowers. All yards are enclosed with a fence, some higher, some lower, but always a fence. Only the worst yards have no decoration in the form of flowers. The yard has flowers, while crops are further away in the field in back of the house. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0629

The home of Oksana Fedorivna Kryvorot, DOB 1918. She is usually called Baba San'ka. She gave an excellent account of a funeral, as well as local legends. Furthermore, she is a performer and sang folk songs and ballads. In the photo with her is Mykhailo Dmytrovych Koval'. Baba San'ka is wearing a typical woman's summer outfit. In the background are numerous examples of material culture: rugs on the wall, rushnyky, embroidered pictures, coverlets and pillows. The multi-colored circular piece is crocheted and used either as a rug or a wall decoration, as here. Under the bought yellow and red coverlet is a bed edging, which is typical and is homemade. People embroider a kind of bed trim, which hangs on the bed and serves as decoration. It is not changed with the bed linens. Koval' is sitting on the prepichok, the shelf next to the stove, which is often used as a sleeping area in the winter. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0630

Home of Oksana Fedorivna Kryvorot, DOB 1918. Pictured is a view of the bed with the coverlet, bed trim, and pillows. Pillows in this area are embroidered on the edge only. That way, one does not sleep on the embroidery, but when the pillows are stacked in the daytime, the embroidery shows. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0631

Home of Oksana Fedorivna Kryvorot, DOB 1918. The skrynia, or wedding chest, which Baba San'ka brought with her when she married is pictured. Above it is an embroidered picture with a rushnyk over it and a family photo. A curtain covers the doorway, and on the floor are the home-woven rag rugs, which are typically used on floors (bought tufted rugs are used on walls, not floors). Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0632

Home of Oksana Fedorivna Kryvorot, DOB 1918. The shirts made by Baba San'ka are on display. She tends to make the tops out of heavy, natural linen and to use a lighter weight fiber on the bottom, the part that gets covered by the skirt, for comfort. Ukraine -- Cherkas'ka oblast' --Drabivs'kyi raion -- Velykyi Khutir. Vely0633